Why white-collar crimes are committed (criminology theory) Essay

Why white-collar crimes are committed (criminology theory) - Essay Example Edwin H. Sutherland coined the term "white-collar crime" in 1940 and his theory states that white-collar crime occurs because of exposure to other white-collar criminals, called the Differential Association Theory. This holds true today, although theories of criminology have been broadened and made more complex due to the advent of new technologies that enable new kinds of white-collar crime. Still, Sutherland's theory seems to make the most sense in terms of why white-collar crime has become so prevalent. The simple pain vs. pleasure theory also applies, to a point. White-collar crime is often committed through a systematic deployment of certain transactions, either personal or electronic, that shifts assets from one place to another (the white-collar criminal's hands). If we look at the more common views of white collar crime that have come to public attention in recent years, we can start with Ford Motors in the 1970's; three young women were killed in an accident involving a Ford Pinto; it was found that the gas tank feeder tube in the trunk was in a vulnerable position and prone to explode upon impact in a rear-end collision. Ford saw that re-fitting the tubes would increase the production cost of each car by about eleven dollars, so the company refrained from making any changes for seven years; finally, Ford was forced to recall the cars (W. Sue Feinstein, 1996). This would be one profile of white-collar crime: negligence with the motivation to retain profits. In this case, the victims were the 500 or so people who died as a result of the defective gas feed tubes. In addition to the Differential Association theory is the Self Control Theory Of Delinquency, also applied to white-collar criminals. Defined as "acts of force or fraud undertaken in pursuit of self interest" (Gottfredson and Hirschi, 1990, p. 15), one can see where the Ford crime fit within this theory, the corporation being the "self" in self-interest. A look at the famed S&L scandal in the 1980's is an example of how white-collar crime affects the economy. The basic chronology of events began when deregulation enabled S&L corporations to lend money to themselves. In 1980, the FDIC insurance was raised from $40,000 to $100,000. While there were several factors that doomed the S&L industry, such as fixed interest rates on home loans and sudden inflation. The most notorious white-collar criminal involved in the S&L failures was Charles Keating of Lincoln Savings in Irvine, California. He allegedly duped customers into buying "junk bonds" and extracted $1 million from Lincoln Savings in anticipation of the company's collapse, which happened weeks later (Wikipedia). All convictions were later overturned through plea-bargaining and other legal maneuvers, and Keating maintained that the blame for the downfall of Lincoln Savings was with the government regulators and not his actions. This act of white-collar crime fits the bill for both theories named above; Keating was acting in self-interest without regard for the well being of Lincoln or its customers. Of course, we cannot overlook Enron. The story is complex and frightening with the implications for the

Competency Statement Essay Example for Free

Competency Statement Essay To advance physical and intellectual competence It is essential to the growth and development of every child to advance their physical and intellectual needs. Preschool age children have a short attention span. They learn by example, and learn by activities that are interesting to them. I keep their minds fresh by including fun games in the weekly lesson plan that improves their physical, cognitive and creative development. I do this on a daily basis. I sing songs, read books and talk about shapes, colors, numbers and letters. I encourage all children to be active, especially, during outside play. I provide the children with opportunities to develop their upper body strength by rolling balls, swinging, and throwing bean bags. I also focus on running, jumping, and balancing to help strengthen their lower bodies. At the center, we come up with all sorts of active games to build up both gross and fine motor skills. I included a game called â€Å"Sleeping Giants† into my weekly plan that is a combination of pretend play and physical activity. The â€Å"Sleeping Giants† game stimulates imagination and multi-directional movement while strengthening their heart, lungs, muscles, and agility. During the game, children will use their large motor skills to run or jump while listening for me to say â€Å"Sleeping Giants†. When I call out, the children will try their hardest to stay quiet to represent a sleeping giant. Then when I call out â€Å"Walking Giants† the game continues and allows the children to be active and freely express themselves.

Burnout, contributing factor and how it relates to job performance Essa

In the recent years, organizations have paid extra attention to employee stress and its effect on job performance. Burnout, an outcome of stress is known to cause individual, family and organizational problems and health conditions such as insomnia and hypertension. The question many ask is where does it originate from? And, how supported are the employees by the organization? Researchers have attempted to link stress and burnout and its effect on job performance. This research analysis includes different scholarly studies done and that found many contributing factors such as job satisfaction, work and family demands, work environment, and culture. Ivancevich, Konopaske, & Matteson, 2011 defines burnout as a psychological process, brought about by unrelieved work stress that results in emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and feeling of decreased accomplishment. Examples of emotional exhaustion includes; feeling drained by work, fatigue in the morning, frustrated, and do not want to work with others. Depersonalization is when a person has become emotionally hardened by their job, treat others like objects, do not care what happens to them, and feel others blame them. A low feeling of accomplishment also results from burnout. A person is unable to deal with problems effectively, identify or understand others problems, and no longer feel excited by their job. (Ivancevich et al., 2011). Researchers have linked burnout as a contributing factor health conditions such as sleep disturbances, decreased immune system. Professions that are prone to burnout are those who require a great deal of contact and responsibility of other people. Among those professions are teachers, nurses, physicians, social workers, therapists, police, an... ...the country. (Hamwi, et al., 2010). In conclusion, the above research analysis explained many contributing factors to stress and burnout and its effect on performance. As expected from prior studies, job satisfaction has an effect on productivity and/or burnout. Burnout in US nurses has been linked to Philippine nurses, despite a difference in health-care systems. Gender has also proven to be a contributing factor to stress. Women have a significant level of stress compared to men due to additional work of housework and childcare. Women also are linked to low levels of emotional exhaustion with co-worker support. Finally, perception organizational support has been linked to emotional exhaustion, but not solely due to the organization. Hopefully, organizations will continue to adopt stress reducing programs and recognize that it has many contributing factors.

Tesco: Assessing the change implications of Tesco’s Rapid International Business process.

Executive summary Change is inevitable in any organization that aspires to grow. As an organization, Tesco has diversified its operations and extended into new markets in various countries such as China, Japan among others. However, its largest market base is still in the United Kingdom. This paper discusses the implications that the company’s rapid internationalization has had on its operations. Penetration into new and undiscovered markets which seem unattractive to many retailers and selling for low prices is the key strategy employed by this organization in its expansion process. They are able to charge these low prices due to the numerous benefits of economies of scale they enjoy due to mass production and sale. This strategy however, does not lack challenges just like any other strategy employed by other organizations. For instance, the competitors in the new markets can also reduce their prices thereby limiting the market to new entrants such as Tesco. This is especially so in large emerging markets such as China and Japan. This paper also addresses the need for change and factors that have contributed to change at Tesco. There are a number of reasons why change is important. For instance, in order to ensure it remains competitive, some aspects of the organization have to change. The factors which drive change in this organization include political factors, social factors, technological factors, economic factors and even its objectives as an organization. The change process in this organization receives support from all the levels of the organization and the goals and vision are clearly communicated to the members. This is evidenced by its exemplary performance. Despite the numerous challenges faced in the change process, it has remained afloat and the benefits of the change are evident through its continued expansion. This paper exhaustively explores the change process at Tesco, analyzes the situation and makes suggestions that the company can use in implementation of the change. Introduction Tesco is a general merchandising retail chain and an international grocery store. Founded in 1919, it has grown over the years and is currently operating in over 12 countries globally with a total of 530,000 employees. In 2012, it had ?3.03 billion in profits and ?59.4 billion in turnover. Most of its revenue (65%) comes from the United Kingdom. However, other places such as Asia, United States and Europe also are responsible for a large portion of its revenue (Tesco, 2012). It operates under different brand names, which include Superstore, Express Extra and Metro. It sells about 40,000 food items in its superstores, clothes and other nonfood items. It also owns petrol stations and offers personal finance services such as life insurance. Its expansion has placed it at a top position globally and currently is ranked as the largest retailer in Britain and as the third largest retailer globally (Lowe et al., 2012). The own-label products of the company are grouped into three segments na mely: the value level, normal level and finest level products. Despite the extensive development of the retailing and nonfood services, Tesco has undertaken huge investments internationally in a bid to ensure its continued growth. To ensure efficiency in operations and costs in its international operations, it has incorporated IT solutions to facilitate business processes (Miozzo et al., 2012). This paper provides an in-depth analysis of Tesco’s rapid internationalization. Situation and Culture Every organization has its own culture which either serves to identify its employees and customers or serves to ensure efficient running and cohesive relationships among the employees (Maitah, 2010). Tesco’s culture is distinctive through its numerous corporate social activities. These demonstrate its ideologies and values such as honesty, responsibility and fairness. This sense of social responsibility drove the organization into stating up supermarkets in areas where other supermarkets would not go into due to their native nature. At Tesco, there are string bonds among the staff and customers. This has been quite instrumental in contributing to wards employee job satisfaction and offering services that are satisfactory to customers. These relationships have ensured efficient operations within the organization due to the social groups formed (Tesco PLC, 2014). There are shared values upheld by the staff thereby ensuring a reduction in conflicts among them. This also encourages loyalty of the staff to the organization thereby ensuring its good performance is sustained. Lastly it helps them get a better understanding of the customers’ needs (Tesco PLC, 2014). Tesco has a flexible work environment, which ensures an increase in employee participation in various roles and decisions and also enhances their adaptability to possible changes within the organization. An inflexible work environment would in most cases lead to resistance from the employees, thereby limiting their productivity and innovation. In the long run, it will affect the performance of the organization (Tseng, 2011). The management practice undertaken by the organization tends to be in line with theory Y assumptions. In this theory, the management believes that the employees view their work as normal and will aim at obtaining additional responsibilities in their places of work (Russ, 2011). Given the right conditions, these managers believe that workers will be self-driven and work efficiently. Therefore, there will be joint decision making in regards to setting of objectives and development of strategies required to achieve these goals. Also these managers will delegate most duties and promote team work (Lowe et al., 2012). Even though the managers at Tesco have incorporated some of these propositions in the daily management of the organizations activities, it may not entirely lead to efficiency. This is because of the extensive number of the subordinates one manger supervises making it difficult to use the approach (Be nfari, 2013). Also, tasks allocated to the subordinates do not need specialized skills hence continued supervision by the managers is required in order for them to issue direction and ensure continuity in a bid to achieve the set goals of the firm (Inman et al., 2014 ). Drivers of change and the organizations stage in the change process There is always need for change in any organization, which is usually propelled by a variety of factors, which is also the case at Tesco. This section outlines the different factors that have contributed to the need for change at Tesco. It also addresses the stage of change in which the company currently is. One of these is the changing political environment. New legislations come up every day and therefore it needs to conform to these standards in order to avoid any legal suits against them. Legal suits may affect its cash flows as a majority of people may claim compensation. Issues also such as political instability may affect the operations of the organization (Lowe et al., 2012). Economic factors are also responsible for the changes. Factors such as economic crisis and fall in demand for goods may affect the cash flows adversely as sales will slump. This therefore poses a need for diversification of its operations hence a presenting a need for change (Benn et al., 2014). As the c ompany expands its operations, it manages this risk because when the risk is high in a certain market, there is another market with stable economic conditions (Polak et al., 2011). Social factors also contribute to this. Customer loyalty is a key social factor needed to ensure growth and sustainability of any business (Mahatma et al., 2013). For instance, news that the beef burgers from Tesco had horsemeat adversely affected the image of the organization and lowered the customer loyalty (The Guardian, 2013). This therefore drives for change as it has to ensure those who were affected are compensated and that corrective action is taken so no such occurrences are experienced in the future. Changes in the marketing strategies therefore are needed in order to restore the customer base (Anderson & Swaminathan, 2011). It can also be argued that technological factors are responsible for these changes (Hitt & Tambe, 2012). Due to Tesco’s extensive operations all over the world, it needs to adopt new technological advancements in order to ensure efficiency in its operations such as production and marketing. Issues such as social media marketing through twitter and Facebook should be considered in order to ensure they meet their target audience (Tuten & Solomon, 2012). Online shopping channels should also be enhanced further (Plunkett, 2009). At present, Tesco has undertaken numerous steps towards the change process. It has diversified its operations in order to prevent losses due to economic factors in one area. For instance it produces products such as petroleum and food products, both of which have inelastic demand (Tesco PLC, 2014). It complies with both the legal and ethical requirements especially in regards to food products and also compensates affected individuals in order to avoid law suits which could harm its operations. Also, the organization has undertaken numerous technological advancements in its operations in order to ensure its operations are well managed and that their customers are served efficiently (de Kervenoael et al., 2011). With reference to the j-curve model, there are stages which an organization goes through in the change process (Grabenwarter & Weidig, 2005). These include: †¢ Plateau: At this level there are minimal disruptions in the organization. †¢ Cliff: This stage is characterized by a lot of anxiety and uncertainties surrounding the new process. †¢ Valley: At this point, production is low and there are a lot of frustrations in the work place. It is the most critical part as it determines whether the change will be taken to completion. †¢ Ascent Stage: At this stage, the benefits from the development are reaped. There are no challenges at this point and the limited challenges faced can be easily resolved. †¢ Mountaintop: This is the final stage. Here, both productivity and performance have been improved. According to the j curve model, Tesco is at the ascent stage. This is because some of the benefits from the internationalization strategy are already being ripped by t he company (Lowe et al., 2012). Whether there is a strategy for this planned change or is it a response to a problem. For Tesco, the changes are both in form of a prior vision and as a response to changes in the issues in the market. Tesco has two key strategies which it employs in a bid to achieve its goals. These are: â€Å"How Tesco sells for less†- Tesco‘s goal is to sell large volumes of a wide range of products and services. In order to achieve this, they make use of the economies of scale benefits derived from producing and selling in bulk. This therefore implies that it can lower its prices hence sell its products globally at competitive prices (Tesco PLC, 2014). â€Å"Steering wheel† –this is related to its primary areas of concern. These are operations, people, financial and customers. Of all the four areas of concern, the customers are the most important. Tesco therefore, has ensured that the relationship between them is cordial and built on a t rust basis thereby securing their loyalty. It has ensured it provides quality products at very low prices and also that there is professionalism in service delivery to the customers (Bather & Tucker, 2011). The increase in competition in Tesco’s major markets is the main problem that has also led it to implement the internationalization strategy. With companies like Wal-Mart and Carrefour also struggling for the market share in the UK and other main markets, Tesco has had to consider expanding to other regions where there is less competition (Ryu & Simpson, 2011). Exploration of the problem to be addressed Whereas Tesco has successfully established itself in the many countries and is generally performing well, there are several problems it faces that ought to be addressed. This will improve the company’s performance and give it an edge over its main competitors in the market. These issues are discussed hereunder. Over dependence on the UK market Despite its extensive expansion to other market areas globally, its profits still largely depend on the UK market. About 73.8% and 65% of its profits in 2003 and 2009 respectively came from its UK market (Palmer, 2012). Even though this is not a problem in the short run, it may affect its operations in the long run if its competitors such as the Morrison’s group expand their operations and market share (Benn et al., 2014). Debt International expansion is expensive hence requires heavy cash flows used for marketing and investment purposes. Therefore, Tesco requires huge cash flows and these are raised through borrowing (Randall & Seth, 2011). The repayment of these debts has further been worsened by the economic downturn and has become expensive overtime. Its aggressive expansion activities reduce the cash available for financing other activities in the organization (Benn et al., 2014). Acquisitions Due to its large size, and wide range of products, Tesco can easily take over other firms, especially in the United Kingdom. However, there is a risk posed by it turning into a serial acquirer since these actions will lower its quality, brand visibility and even earnings. This therefore should be addressed and a different expansion strategy considered (Johnson & Turner, 2010). Aggressive expansion into large markets such as China and Japan may lead to a decline in returns due to reasons such as the existing economic conditions in these markets, reactions by competitors and failure of the company’s strategy (Benn et al., 2014). The key players and what each player may lose or win The key players here include: †¢ Competitors- these are most likely to lose their market share due to an increase in Tesco’s market share. Some of its competitors include ASDA, Carrefour S.A, Safeway Inc. and the Royal Dutch (Palmer, 2012). †¢ Government- the governments in various cou ntries where Tesco operates would most likely gain additional revenue from the taxes paid in by Tesco (Johnson & Turner, 2010). †¢ Customers- the consumers will benefit due to quality products at cheap prices since this is the main aim of Tesco. As the company seeks to gain a larger market share, it will be beneficial to clients (Anderson & Swaminathan, 2011). Articulation of the vision to the members or the organization As an organization, Tesco has a clear mission and vision. With a massive workforce of 597, 784 employees (as of 2013) there are strategies that are put in place to ensure that every one is at par with the organization’s mission and vision (Tesco PLC, 2014). The vision of Tesco is to be valued by the customers they serve, the communities in which they operate, colleagues and the shareholders. The organization seeks to transform lives through innovative products and inspire future generations. In all the 12 countries where Tesco operates, the company is va lued and appreciated. The people are served in the best regard and they are loyal clients. This is a clear indication that the vision of the company has been articulated by the members of the organization (Taylor, 2014). The level of support within the organization at each level For the change process to be efficiently implemented in an organization, it is vital for all parties to be equally involved. This will reduce resistance and facilitate an easy transition from the state prior to the change to the state after (Kotter, 2007). Generally, there is extensive support from the various levels in the organization at Tesco. For instance, the top level management makes decisions in regards to the possible areas of expansion. There have been minimal or no reports of resistance to internationalization at Tesco (Taylor, 2014). This means that as the company implements these strategies, it takes all the necessary measures to ensure that all the parties that are likely to be affected are well informed of the need for the change and the process that will be undertaken in the change process (Benn et al., 2014). Other levels in the organization, including the middle and lower levels, are also supportive of the changes (Taylor, 2014). Other key players to be consulted Apart from the parties within the organization, it is also vital for the company’s management to ensure that it consults other external stakeholders that are likely to be affected by the change (Kotter, 2007). There are different groups that need to be consulted. One of these groups comprises of the company’s creditors. These are the financers who facilitate the change process. Hence, their approval is needed because they need to certify that the expansion is profitable and that their funds will not be put in risky businesses (Bennett & Bush, 2013). Shareholders also have to be consulted. These are the owners of the business hence their interests must be factored in any decision making process. Their consent must be given before the expansion is undertaken. The governments of the home country and the target country into which the company intends to expand (Liguori, 2012). Before entering into any new markets, there are legislations set which must be observed. Compliance with these laws is needed before they can set up their operations in any country. Recommendations for forming or not forming a coalition It would be optimal for Tesco to form further coalitions with other organizations. This is because it will benefit in a number of ways. For instance, there will be an acquisition of additional skills from the company with which it is partnering. This also applies to other tangible and in tangible resources that might have cost the company a lot to acquire (Hogg et al., 2012). The potential market for Tesco will increase at a faster rate. By forming merger with companies that have already established themselves in the market, Tesco will automatically inherit the market share of the other companies. This is as opposed to a situation where the company could have entered the market on its own (Matsushima et al., 2013). Another advantage is that there will be improved information access and sharing, especially information about the markets being targeted (Hogg et al., 2012). Whereas there are benefits that the company can get by entering coalitions with other companies in expanding its op erations, there are also several limitations that it can be exposed to as a result of this. For instance, there can be conflicts in terms of how profits are shared among the companies involved (Matsushima et al., 2013). As a result of varying organizational cultures and structures, entering coalitions can also limit employee productivity as employees as there will be a conflict in the way they operate. This challenge is usually mostly felt in the early stages of the coalition (Benn et al., 2014). Recommendations on useful tools for managing change at the organization Generally, it is difficult for any organization and its employees to adjust to change. It is therefore recommended that an organization uses a model as this will give the leaders a guideline on how to effect this change and make it acceptable (Boje et al., 2012). There are several models that have been suggested by researchers to help in change management. One of these is Kotter’s eight-step model, which is summa rized in detail in the table below (Kotter, 2007). By following the steps that have been suggested by Kotter above, there is a high likelihood of succeeding in the change process. However, critics have faulted the model for being mechanistic and assuming that all organization can chronologically follow these steps. It fails to acknowledge that organizations differ (Liguori, 2012). Additional advice It is important to see to it that there is e continued success in operations of the organization. Presently, Tesco has greatly diversified its operations. Though it can be seen as a good strategy for business in terms of spreading risk, it can choose to focus and specialize in a few of them. The expansion of the nonfood operations offers a greater potential than the others and hence it can choose to concentrate in this area due to the extensive demand for these products. This however, can be adversely affected by the economic environment. Therefore, an extensive assessment of potential risk factors should be made before investments in this unit are undertaken. Of importance is to note that sales here are generated by the consumer confidence levels and ratings. At present, these are quite low. There is also an increase in the demand for organic and natural product in the United Kingdom. Tesco therefore should take advantage of this opportunity to conform to these lifestyle changes and develop products in order to tap into these new markets. This would be more efficient if Tesco could lower the costs of production in order to ensure that the product prices are not so high and hence are available to the consumers. In conclusion, Tesco can penetrate into new markets such as the United States through its current penetration strategy into undiscovered markets as this has been effective in the past and still is. This is because the current retailers are not willing to delve into these markets. This would also require an extensive risk assessment especially in regards to transportation and supply as this would affect the cash flows .hence, it would be effective to use a clustered approach in development of stores instead of placing them indiscriminately. If it can penetrate the fresh foods market in the United states then they will continue to be successful as the demand for food is relatively inelastic and will not be adversely affected in case of economic downturns. References Anderson, R.E. & Swaminathan, S., 2011. Customer Satisfaction and Loyalty in E-Markets: A PLS Path Modeling Approach. The Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, 19(2), pp.221 – 234. Bather, A. & Tucker, R., 2011. Legitimacy Theory and a Compliance Analysis of Tesco’s 2008 Business Review. International Review of Business Research, 7(2), pp.137-56. Benfari, R.C., 2013. Understanding and Changing Your Management Style: Assessments and Tools for Self-development. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons. Benn, S., Dunphy, D. & Griffiths, A., 2014. Organizational change for corporate sustainability. Londin: Routledge. Bennett, J.L. & Bush, ?.W., 2013. Coaching for Change. New Jersey: Routledge. Boje, D., Burnes, B?. & Hassard, ?J., 2012. The Routledge Companion to Organizational Change. New York: Routledge. de Kervenoael, R., Canning, C., Palmer, M. & Hallsworth, A., 2011. Challenging market conventions: Supermarket diversification and consumer resistance in children’s apparel purchases. Journal of fashion marketing and management, 15(4), pp.464-85. Grabenwarter, U. & Weidig, T?., 2005. Exposed to the J-Curve: Understanding and Managing Private Equity Fund Investments. London: Euromoney Books. Hitt, L.M. & Tambe, P., 2012. The Productivity of Information Technology Investments: New Evidence from IT Labor Data. Information Systems Research, 4(1), pp.234-57. Hogg, M.A., Van Knippenberg, D. & Rast, D.E., 2012. 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“Genocide is the deliberate killing of a large group of people, especially those of a particular ethnic group or nation.” (Genocide) Essay

Introduction â€Å"In 1994 Rwanda experienced the worst genocide in modern times. The Rwandan Genocide was a genocidal mass slaughter of the Tutsis by the Hutus that took place in 1994 in the East African state of Rwanda. It is considered the most organized genocide of the 20th century. Over the course of approximately 100 days (from the assassination of Juvenal Habyarimana and Cyprien Ntaryamira on April 6 through mid-July) over 500,000 people were killed, according to a Human Rights Watch estimate. Estimates of the death toll have ranged from 500,000–1,000,000, or as much as 20% of the country’s total population. It was the culmination of longstanding ethnic competition and tensions between the minority Tutsi, who had controlled power for centuries, and the majority Hutu peoples, who had come to power in the rebellion of 1959–62.† (â€Å"Rwandan Genocide†) History between the Hutu and Tutsi people â€Å"In 1990, the Rwandan Patriotic Front, a rebel group composed mostly of Tutsi refugees, invaded northern Rwanda from Uganda in an attempt to defeat the Hutu-led government. They began the Rwandan Civil War, fought between the Hutu regime, with support from Francophone Africa and France, and the Rwandan Patriotic Front, with support from Uganda. This exacerbated ethnic tensions in the country. In response, many Hutu gravitated toward the Hutu Power†(â€Å"Rwandan Genocide†), an ideology propounded by Hutu extremist, with the prompting of state-controlled and independent Rwandan media. â€Å"As an ideology, Hutu Power asserted that the Tutsi intended to enslave the Hutu and must be resisted at all costs. Continuing ethnic strife resulted in the rebels’ displacing large numbers of Hutu in the north, plus periodic localized Hutu killings of Tutsi in the south. International pressure on the Hutu-led government of Juvenal Habyarimana resulted in a cease-fire in 1993. He planned to implement the Arusha Peace Agreement.†(Rwandan Genocide) â€Å"The assassination of Habyarimana in April 1994 set off a violent reaction, during which Hutu groups conducted mass killings of Tutsis (and also pro-peace Hutus, who were portrayed as â€Å"traitors† and â€Å"collaborators†). This genocide had been planned by members of the Hutu power group known as the  Akazu ( Hutu extremist ) , many of whom occupied positions at top levels of the national government; the genocide was supported and coordinated by the national government as well as by local military and civil officials and mass media. Alongside the military, primary responsibility for the killings themselves rests with two Hutu militias that had been organized for this purpose by political parties: the Interahamwe and Impuzamugambi, although once the genocide was underway a great number of Hutu civilians took part in the murders. It was the end of the peace agreement. The Tutsi Rwandan Patriotic Front restarted their offensive, defeating the army and seizing control of the country.†(Rwandan Genocide) Overview of the Rwandan Genocide with International Response â€Å"After the Hutu presidents plane is gunned down on April 6. Hutu gunmen systematically start tracking down and killing moderate Hutu politicians and Tutsi leaders. The deputy to the U.S. ambassador in Rwanda tells Washington that the killings involve not just political murders, but genocide. The U.S. decides to evacuate all Americans. Canadian General Romeo Dallaire, head of the U.N. peacekeeping force in Rwanda, is told by headquarters not to intervene and to avoid armed conflict.† In the next few days, â€Å"evidence mounts of massacres targeting ordinary Tutsis. Front page stories newspaper stories cite reports of â€Å"tens of thousands† dead and â€Å"a pile of corpses six feet high† outside a main hospital. Gen. Dallaire requests a doubling of his force to 5,000. Nearly 3,300 Americans, French, Italians and Belgians are evacuated by troops sent in from their countries. On April 15th Belgium withdraws its troops from the U.N. force after ten Belgian soldiers are slain. Embarrassed to be withdrawing alone, Belgium asks the U.S. to support a full pullout. Secretary of State Christopher agrees and tells Madeleine Albright, America’s U.N. ambassador, to demand complete withdrawal. She is opposed, as are some African nations. She pushes for a compromise: a dramatic cutback that would leave a token force in place. April 16th, The New York Times reports the shooting and hacking to death of some 1000 men, women and children in a church where they sought refuge. Day 12, By this date, Human Rights Watch estimates the number of dead at 100,000 and calls on the U.N. Security Council to use the word â€Å"genocide.†Belgian troops leave Rwanda; Gen. Dallaire is down to a force of 2,100. He will soon lose communication lines to outlying areas and will have only a satellite link to the outside world. By April 25th,Gen. Dallaire is down to 450 ill-equipped troops from developing countries. He works to protect some 25,000 Rwandans who are at places guarded by U.N. forces. He still hopes the Security Council will change its mind and send him forces while there is still time.†(Ghosts of Rwanda) â€Å"On May 1st a Defense Department discussion paper, prepared for a meeting of officials having day-to-day responsibility on the crisis, is filled with cautions about the U.S. becoming committed to taking action. The word genocide is a concern. â€Å"Be careful. Legal at State was worried about this yesterday — Genocide finding could commit [the U.S.] to actually ‘do something.†(Ghosts of Rwanda) â€Å"Bureaucratic paralysis continues. Few African countries offer troops for the mission and the Pentagon and U.N. argue for two weeks over who will pay the costs of the APCs and who will pay for transporting them. It takes a full month before the U.S. begins sending the APCs to Africa. They don’t arrive until July. Seven weeks into the genocide, President Clinton gives speech that restates his policy that humanitarian action anywhere in the world would have to be in America’s national interest:†The end of the superpower standoff lifted the lid from a cauldron of long-simmering hatreds. Now the entire global terrain is bloody with such conflicts, from Rwanda to Georgia. Whether we get involved in any of the world’s ethnic conflicts in the end must depend on the cumulative weight of the American interests at stake.†(Ghosts of Rwanda) â€Å"Eleven weeks into the genocide, with still no sign of a U.N. deployment to Rwanda, the U.N. Security Council authorizes France to unilaterally intervene in southwest Rwanda. French forces create a safe area in territory controlled by the Rwanda Hutu government. But killings of Tutsis continue in the safe area.†(Ghosts of Rwanda) â€Å"By July 17th, Tutsi RPF forces have captured Kigali. The Hutu government flees to Zaire, followed by a tide of refugees. The French end their mission in Rwanda and are replaced by Ethiopian U.N. troops. The RPF sets up an interim government in Kigali. Although disease and more killings claim additional lives in the refugee camps, the genocide is over.†(Ghosts of Rwanda) Day 100 An estimated 800,000 Rwandans have been killed. The Aftermath â€Å"In anticipation of a Tutsi retaliation, approximately 2 million Hutus, participants in the genocide, and the bystanders, fled from Rwanda to Zaire (now called Congo), Burundi, Tanzania and Uganda. Thousands of them died in disease epidemics common to the squalor of refugee camps, such as cholera and dysentery. The United States staged the Operation Support Hope airlift from July to September 1994 to stabilize the situation in the camps.†(Rwandan Genocide) â€Å"The presence of 2 million refugees in eastern Zaire helped destabilize the already weak country, whose corrupt president, Mobutu Sese Seko, allowed Hutu extremists among the refugee population to operate with impunity. In October 1996, Mobutu’s continued support of the Hutu militants led to an uprising by the ethnic Tutsi Banyamulenge people in eastern Zaire (supported politically and militarily by Rwanda), which marked the beginning of the First Congo War, and led to a return of more than 600,000 Hutu refugees to Rwanda during the last two weeks of November. This massive repatriation was followed at the end of December by the return of 500,000 more from Tanzania after they were ejected by the Tanzanian government. Various successor organizations to the Hutu militants operated in eastern DR Congo until May 22, 2009.†(Rwandan Genocide) â€Å"Mobutu was overthrown in May 1997, and Zaire’s new leader, Laurent Kabila, renamed the country the Democratic Republic of Congo. Kabila’s relationship with his Rwandan allies quickly turned sour, and in August 1998 Tutsi rebel forces, supported by Rwanda and Uganda, launched another rebellion. This led to the Second Congo War, killing 5 million people from 1998 to 2004. Rwanda today has two public holidays commemorating the incident, with Genocide Memorial Day on April 7 marking the start, and Liberation Day on July 4 marking the end. The week following April 7 is designated an official week of mourning. One global impact of the Rwandan Genocide is that it served as impetus to the creation of the International Criminal Court, so that ad hoc tribunals would not need to be created for future incidents of genocide, crimes against humanity, and war crimes.†(Rwandan Genocide) Works Cited 1.) â€Å"Rwandan Genocide.† Wikipedia. N.p., 20 Apr 2013. Web. 4 Sep 2013. . 2.) â€Å"Genocide.† New Oxford American Dictionary. 2008. 3.) â€Å"Ghosts of Rwanda.† Frontine. PBS.org: PBS, Chapel Hill, 04 Apr 2004. Web. 10 Sep 2013. . .

Domestic penetration Essays

Domestic penetration Essays Domestic penetration Essay Domestic penetration Essay The financial section will provide pre-formatted profit and loss statements showing the relevant income and cost headings with guidance on assumptions that will need to be made to put specific values. In addition, there will be associated spreadsheets for cash flow. There may also be a balance sheet with headings for the assets and liabilities (Martin, 2010). Another important thing to conduct is a feasibility analysis which would be beneficial for franchisors to successfully develop enough domestic penetration. An objective franchise feasibility analysis by a recognized expert will highlight the strengths and weaknesses of the underlying business model (Franchise Foundations, 2011). A franchise feasibility study will analyze, grade and prioritize the company on a variety of these and other factors. An objective franchise feasibility analysis will also document what steps, protective measures and documents need to precede the expansion effort (Franchise Foundations, 2011). Many of these can be done in-house by existing personnel with a little outside expertise. This will result in the most efficient use of time and resources. It will also produce the most professional and user-friendly results. After being successful domestically, expanding the business internationally is then achievable but there are important points to remember. Dealing directly with franchisees or by setting up a master franchise and giving that organization the rights to open outlets on its own are some ways how a franchisor may penetrate a foreign country. Sub-franchisees then pay royalties to the master franchisee then remit some to the franchisor. Master franchise system is pertinent for companies who have no confidence towards evaluating franchisees and when it would be expensive to oversee and directly control franchisees’ operations (Daniels et al. , 2007). To ensure success in international markets, franchisors must improve their understanding of the diverse cultural forces at work around the world. Sometimes, a concept will not fit a foreign cultural style at all. For example, a well known American bagel franchisor sold its rights to development in Lima, Peru, without realizing that Peruvians did not eat breakfast (Bardley, 2005). Adaptation to local cultural norms will often be necessary. An American restaurant franchisor allowed its Egyptian franchisees to develop special food products for the menu during the Muslim holy month of Ramadan. In Saudi Arabia and Qatar, where local customs requires the seclusion of women in public places, this franchisor had to alter their restaurants to include family areas that women could visit (Chan, 1994). Hence it is important to know the factors of culture of a target market. Problems and conflict can occur in any commercial relationship, and franchising is no different. Thus, fundamental to the smooth running of a franchise business relationship is a business model that is profitable for both the franchisor and the franchisee. If this is a one-way street, franchise problems will be inevitable. There are still cases when a franchisor and a franchisee end up seeing each other in courts despite the fact that they have already built enough trust and rapport. Thus, after normal dispute resolution procedure that will at first attempt resolution informally, a formal written notice then will be made which will generally include the nature of the dispute, and desired outcome to resolve the dispute, and a timeframe for this to occur. In Australia, under the Franchising Code of Conduct, serious disputes that cannot be resolved between the franchise parties themselves should be referred to mediation (Asia-Pacific Centre for Franchising Excellence, 2011). But to further avoid a thing like this to happen, Berman and Evans (2006) relate that operating arrangements should take into account individual circumstances. Therefore, more franchisors will adopt, or at least experiment with restructured franchise agreements. This restructuring will affect both the terms of purchasing a franchise and the ongoing franchisor-franchisee relationship. As what Bank of America’s Small Business Advisory Service said, â€Å"The extra things that the franchisor agrees to do can be one of the best aspects of a good franchise relationship† (Kursh, 1969, p. 34). Conclusion As a rapidly growing opportunity of growing a business domestically and internationally, business franchising presents its own unique set of problems that need to be anticipated, addressed and should immediately be solved. Through intensive research from various references such as books, magazines, journals and the internet, the researchers identified the most common problems faced by both the franchisor and franchisee and these are: an entrepreneur may become a victim of fraudulent franchises; difficulties when setting up a franchise especially when franchisors do not provide essential assistance to the franchisees; franchisors’ not developing enough domestic penetration first is one problem why many franchises fail abroad; and tensions existing between a large number of franchisors and their franchises can lead to disagreements, conflicts, and even litigation. Detecting problems like these is always the first step required to successful solution. Many franchisors fail here – they are either unable to detect the real cause for the problem or don’t address it in an appropriate way. With the purpose of this paper to present various ways on how to solve these problems especially in a professional manner, the researchers emphasized the following solutions: acquiring all legal documents and conducting careful investigations and survey of existing franchise operators and customers; keeping a strong, effective program of managerial control in a franchise system; preparing a business plan and feasibility analysis to succeed domestically and internationally; having an improved understanding of the diverse cultural forces at work around the world to ensure success in international markets; building rapport between the franchisor and the franchisee the moment they meet for the first time in order to build trust; and in cases when conflicts between a franchisor and franchisee cannot be solved informally, a formal written notice then will be made which will generally include the nature of the dispute, and desired outcome to resolve the dispute, and a timeframe for this to occur. There are much more potential problems a franchisor and a franchisee could face. Rather than seeking readymade solutions, franchisors should learn how to prevent problems from occurring and how to tackle the issue in the best possible way. The strongest weapons in battling problems are the ability to detect problems early on, to teach the team to take action as soon as the problem arise, help all franchisee unit to perform as best as they can. Therefore, being proactive rather than being reactive can greatly help an entrepreneur; he has to do the reacting ahead of time by anticipating what the future will be, and to react accordingly before it actually happens. But in cases of unexpected problems that already caused much problem to a business, it is important to remember not to jump to any conclusions before reaching the root of the problem.

Effective Teacher Questioning Techniques

Effective Teacher Questioning Techniques Asking questions is an important part of any teachers daily interaction with their students. Questions provide teachers with the ability to check on and enhance student learning. However, it is important to note that not all questions are created equal. According to Dr. J. Doyle Casteel, Effective Teaching, effective questions should have a high response rate (at least 70 to 80 percent), be evenly distributed throughout the class, and be a representation of the discipline being taught. What Types of Questioning Are Most Effective? Typically, questioning habits of teachers are based on the subject being taught and our own past experiences with classroom questions. For example, in a typical mathematics class, questions might be rapid fire: question in, question out. In a science class, a typical situation might occur where the teacher talks for two to three minutes then poses a question to check understanding before moving on. An example from a social studies class might be when a teacher asks questions to start a discussion allowing other students to join in. All of these methods have their uses and a complete, experienced teacher uses all three of these in their classroom. Referring again to Effective Teaching, the most effective forms of questions are those that either follow  a clear sequence, are contextual solicitations, or are hypothetico-deductive questions. In the following sections, we will look at each of these and how they work in practice. Clear Sequences of Questions This is the simplest form of effective questioning. Instead of directly asking students a question such as Compare Abraham Lincolns Reconstruction Plan to Andrew Johnsons Reconstruction Plan, a teacher would ask a clear sequence of little questions that lead up to this larger overall question. The little questions are important because they establish the basis for the comparison which is the ultimate goal of the lesson. Contextual Solicitations Contextual solicitations provide a student response rate of 85-90 percent. In a contextual solicitation, a teacher is providing a context for the coming question. The teacher then prompts an intellectual operation. Conditional language provides a link between the context and the question that is to be asked. Here is an example of a contextual solicitation: In the Lord of the Rings trilogy, Frodo Baggins is attempting to get the One Ring to Mount Doom to destroy it. The One Ring is seen as a corrupting force, negatively affecting all who have extended contact with it. This being the case, why is Samwise Gamgee unaffected by his time wearing the One Ring? Hypothetico-Deductive Questions According to research cited in Effective Teaching, these types of questions have a 90-95% student response rate. In a hypothetico-deductive question, the teacher starts by providing the context for the coming question. They then set up a hypothetical situation by providing conditional statements like assume, suppose, pretend, and imagine. Then the teacher links this hypothetical to the question with words like, given this, however, and because of. In summary, the hypothetico-deductive question must have context, at least one curing conditional, a linking conditional, and the question. Following is an example of a hypothetico-deductive question: The film we just watched stated that the roots of sectional differences that led to the US Civil War were present during the Constitutional Convention. Lets assume that this was the case. Knowing this, does that mean that the US Civil War was inevitable? The typical response rate in a classroom not using the above questioning techniques is between 70-80 percent. The discussed questioning techniques of Clear Sequence of Questions, Contextual Solicitations, and Hypothetico-Deductive Questions can increase this response rate to 85 percent and above. Further, teachers who use these find that they are better at using wait time. Further, the quality of student responses increases greatly. In summary, we as teachers need to try and incorporate these types of questions in our daily teaching habits. Source: Casteel, J. Doyle. Effective Teaching. 1994. Print.

History of Women Running for President

History of Women Running for President The history of women running for president in the United States spans 140 years, but only in the last five years has a female candidate been taken seriously as a viable contender or come within reach of a major party nomination. Victoria Woodhull - Wall Streets First Female Broker The first woman to run for President of the United States was something of an anomaly since women did not yet have the right to vote - and wouldnt earn it for another 50 years. In 1870, 31-year-old Victoria Woodhull had already made a name for herself as Wall Streets first female stockbroker when she announced she would run for President in the New York Herald. According to her 1871 campaign bio written by fellow reformer Thomas Tilton, she did so mainly for the purpose of drawing public attention to the claims of woman to political equality with man. Concurrent with her presidential campaign, Woodhull also published a weekly newspaper, rose to prominence as a leading voice in the suffrage movement and launched a successful speaking career. Nominated by the Equal Rights Party to serve as their candidate, she went up against the incumbent Ulysses S. Grant and Democratic nominee Horace Greeley in the 1872 election. Unfortunately, Woodhull spent Election Eve behind bars, charged with using the U.S. mails to utter obscene publication, namely to distribute her newspapers exposà © of the infidelities of prominent clergyman Rev. Henry Ward Beecher and the indiscretions of Luther Challis, a stockbroker who allegedly seduced adolescent girls. Woodhull triumphed over the charges against her but lost her presidential bid. Belva Lockwood - First Female Attorney to Argue Before Supreme Court Described by the U.S. National Archives as the first woman to run a full-fledged campaign for the presidency of the United States, Belva Lockwood possessed an impressive list of credentials when she ran for president in 1884. Widowed at age 22 with a 3-year-old, she put herself through college, earned a law degree, became the first woman admitted to the bar of the Supreme Court and the first female attorney to argue a case before the nations high court. She ran for president to promote womens suffrage, telling reporters that although she couldnt vote, nothing in the Constitution prohibited a man from voting for her. Nearly 5,000 did. Undaunted by her loss, she ran again in 1888. Margaret Chase Smith - First Woman Elected to House and Senate The first woman to have her name put in for nomination for the presidency by a major political party did not envision a career in politics as a young woman. Margaret Chase had worked as a teacher, telephone operator, office manager for a woolen mill and newspaper staffer before she met and married local politician Clyde Harold Smith at age 32. Six years later he was elected to Congress and she managed his Washington office and worked on behalf of the Maine GOP. When he died of a heart condition in April 1940, Margaret Chase Smith won the special election to fill out his term and was re-elected to the House of Representatives, then was elected to the Senate in 1948 - the first female Senator elected on her own merits (not a widow/not previously appointed) and the first woman to serve in both chambers. She announced her presidential campaign in January 1964, saying, â€Å"I have few illusions and no money, but I’m staying for the finish.† According to the Women in Congress website, At the 1964 Republican Convention, she became the first woman to have her name put in for nomination for the presidency by a major political party. Receiving the support of just 27 delegates and losing the nomination to Senate colleague Barry Goldwater, it was a symbolic achievement. Shirley Chisholm - First Black Woman to Run for President Eight years later Rep. Shirley Chisholm (D-NY) launched her presidential campaign for the Democratic nomination on January 27, 1972, becoming the first African American woman to do so. Although she was as committed as any major party male candidate, her run - like Chase Smiths nomination - was largely seen as symbolic. Chisholm did not identify herself as the candidate of the womens movement of this country, although I am a woman, and I am equally proud of that. Instead, she saw herself as the candidate of the people of America and acknowledged my presence before you now symbolizes a new era in American political history. It was a new era in more ways than one, and Chisholms use of that word may have been deliberate. Her campaign paralleled an increasing push for passage of the ERA (Equal Rights Amendment) initially introduced in 1923 but newly invigorated by the growing womens movement. As a presidential candidate, Chisholm took a bold new approach that rejected tired and glib cliches and sought to bring a voice to the disenfranchised. In operating outside the rules of the old boys club of career politicians, Chisholm did not have the backing of the Democratic party or its most prominent liberals. Yet 151 votes were cast for her at the 1972 Democratic National Convention. Hillary Clinton - Most Successful Female Candidate The most well-known and successful female presidential candidate to date has been Hillary Clinton. The former First Lady and junior Senator from New York announced she was running for President on January 20, 2007, and entered the race as the frontrunner for the 2008 nomination - a position she held until Senator Barack Obama (D-Illinois) wrested it from her in late 2007/early 2008. Clintons candidacy stands in marked contrast to earlier bids for the White House by accomplished women who were prominent and respected but who had little chance of winning. Michelle Bachmann - First Female GOP Frontrunner By the time Michele Bachmann announced her intent to run for president in the 2012 election cycle, her campaign was neither farfetched nor a novelty thanks to this longstanding sisterhood of female candidates who had previously paved the way. In fact, the only female candidate in the GOP field took an early lead after winning the Iowa Straw Poll in August 2011. Yet Bachmann barely acknowledged the contributions of her political foremothers and seemed reluctant to publicly credit them with laying the foundation that made her own candidacy possible. Only when her campaign was in its final days did she acknowledge the need to elect strong women to positions of power and influence. Sources Kullmann, Susan. Legal Contender: Victoria C. Woodhull, The Womens Quarterly (Fall 1988), pp. 16-1, reprinted at Feministgeek.com.Margaret Chase Smith. Office of History and Preservation, Office of the Clerk, Women in Congress, 1917–2006. U.S. Government Printing Office, 2007. Retrieved January 10, 2012.Norgren, Jill. Belva Lockwood: Blazing the Trail for Women in Law. Prologue Magazine, Spring 2005, Vol. 37, No. 1 at www. archives.gov.Tilton, Theodore. Victoria C. Woodhull, A Biographical Sketch. The Golden Age, Tract No. 3, 1871. victoria-woodhull.com. Retrieved 10 January 2012.first woman to run for US President.

American Airlines Flight 191 Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

American Airlines Flight 191 - Case Study Example This maintenance procedure is believed to have led to the engine separating from the wing. The procedure was carried out because McDonnell-Douglas issued a service bulletin requiring that the "upper and lower spherical bearings that attached the pylon to the wing" (Failure Analysis, 2008, pg. 1) be replaced. Instead of carrying out the procedure according to the accompanying directions, American Airlines decided to replace the assembly via a cheaper method that involved less time and effort to undertake. The aft bulkhead could have been brought into contact with the wing-mounted clevis via a number of different ways. Either during or after the hardware in the aft bulkhead fitting was removed, a load could have been applied that would have been sufficient enough to produce a crack. When attaching the pylon, the maintenance personnel had to be extremely careful because of the small distance between the pylon and wing attachments and the structural elements. It would only take a minor error for the forklift operator to damage the bulkhead and its upper flange (Failure Analysis, 2008). the airlines contributed to this accident" (Failure Analysis, 2008, pg. 1).

How do power relations and organizational politics affect Essay

How do power relations and organizational politics affect organizational change and development What is the role of political b - Essay Example It is due to these disparities in attitude that some forms of conflict begin to surface between managers and employees or even between colleagues at the same levels of authority in the organisation. It is not, however, solely due to attitude, the intangibles of psychological programming, that leads to conflict in the organisation. Especially relevant in highly bureaucratic organisations with thick layers of management, political gaming surfaces when individuals who believe they hold power resources or seek to fulfil a self-serving agenda create a unique type of conflict that is much more difficult to thrive within. This is referred to as organisational politics, â€Å"the management of influence to obtain ends not sanctioned by the organisation† (Mayes and Allen 1977, p.673). Because recognised political behaviour is not condoned by the systems and policies established by the organisation, it becomes more difficult for those being persuaded by political positioning to recognis e what drives power struggles and therefore serve to counteract it when it occurs. This paper describes the role of organisational politics and power relationships in the organisation and how these factors influence or impede organisational change. 2. ... When this type of power manifests itself, employees must conform, however it can lead to long-term resentment or intention to exist the organisation for being forced to operate under oppressive management systems. The second type of power is utilitarian power, a system reliant on rewards and punishments to gain compliance. Pay raises, promotions or even direct threats of potential job loss are tactics utilised under utilitarian power conceptions. This is a common power dynamic in the organisation that incentivises more effective job performance. The third type of power is normative power, in which the organisation, itself, believes that it has the fundamental right to control and govern employee behaviour. Under this power conception, leaders in the organisation establish a unified corporate culture and then demand that employees conform to these socially-driven values even if the individual does not necessarily share the same conceptions. It is highly dependent on the individual emo tional and personality-based behaviours within the organisational context as to how power and political behaviour will manifest themselves. This is why organisational politics is considered by many to be a game, consisting of moves and counter-moves between different organisational actors in order to gain persuasive or coercive influence to ensure that the party in conflict complies with the needs and demands of the organisational politician. This game must â€Å"be played with due diligence and a full comprehension of the players, rules and organisational landscape† (Bolander 2011, p.2). It would seem that in order to understand how to counteract unethical or unproductive

Marketing Audits Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Marketing Audits - Coursework Example Changing perspectives in marketing planning for Parcelforce The age of globalisation and competition has spurred up the need to ensure more planning and effective strategies in order to counter the threats of competition prevailing in the markets. Business environment in the present date is characterised by cut throat competition among the market players that are engaged in attaching strategies like predatory pricing and ambush marketing to attack competitors. The industry due to high competition is characterised by low margins that has severely changed the business dynamics and has also ensured change in marketing planning tactics so as to ensure sustainability in the market (Global Express Parcels, 2011, p.1). Parcelforce Appraisal for capability for planning its future marketing activity Parcelforce is one of the largest courier and parcel delivery companies operating out of UK and has operations in numerous nations with a cutting edge technology and an effective service delivery mechanism. The company should use its technological advancements and the good brand image of the company owning to its long association with the industry to derive competitive advantage. The company should try to use its massive global presence and couple it with innovation in service delivery mechanism so as to generate competitive advantage.... The company should use its technological advancements and the good brand image of the company owning to its long association with the industry to derive competitive advantage. The company should try to use its massive global presence and couple it with innovation in service delivery mechanism so as to generate competitive advantage. All its marketing efforts must not only be solely directed towards attracting new customers but focus should be made on CRM approaches that can help in not only attracting new customers but also in retention of the existing customers. The efficient technological base of the company along with a team of qualified and talented employees can help generate greater value for the customers. Spending must also be induced in the research and development aspect so as to generate innovation as it is the only way in which the company can distinguish itself from its competitors in the market and generate competitive advantage. SWOT Analysis SWOT stands for Strengths, Weakness, Opportunities and Threats and is used to analyse the internal environment of an organization. The SWOT analysis for Parcelforce is stated below: Strengths The main area of strength for the company includes its long association with the industry as well as a formidable presence across UK. The company also has an effective brand image and has been associated with the royal mail service. Strengths also emerge in the areas of efficient use of technology and effective logistics management and also a good reputation for quality service delivery among the customers (Parcelforce, 2012). Weakness Certain areas of weakness for the company include a limited offering to the customers that is matched

Human Resources Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 8

Human Resources - Essay Example Strategic planning determines the general goals as well as objectives in an organization. Secondly there will be a need for human resource planning since it helps in determining whether there will be many workers, that is surplus or shortage of or enough employees to attain organizational objectives. In case there are few workers, the educational institution will have to recruit more workers (Brown, 2011; Tyson, 2012). Various alternatives can be used in the recruitment process, for instance, outsourcing as well as contingency workers. Before the education institution commences the recruitment process, they need to have guidelines on the recruitment process, referred to as policies and procedures that need to be adhered in the recruitment process. The organization will have to streamline the recruitment process. The institution has to avoid misunderstandings that can result in the workforce being dissatisfied. Recruitment of personnel does not happen in a vacuum since it is influenced by various factors in the organization and the environment (Tyson, 2012). Government regulations have to be considered when recruiting employees in the institution. The government has regulations that in most cases ensure that all the employees are treated in fair manner, and there is no discrimination basing on gender, race or disability among others. Adhering to the government regulation will help in ensuring that the institution operates in a manner that will ensure it does not have wrangles with the government for not adhering to its regulations. Government regulations set out the minimum wage for employees. When recruiting this factor has to be considered since the institution needs to pay its employees according to the set standards. Therefore, the institution has to ensure that the number of new employees hired is capable of paying (Brown, 2011). As mentioned before, an organization has to ensure that it adheres to its strategic plans when

AM Transmitter Circuit Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

AM Transmitter Circuit - Assignment Example The amplitude modulation and transmission of modulated audio signal is carried out through AM Transmitter. Depending upon the type of application and level of operation, an AM Transmitter consists of following basic building blocks as shown in fig.1. Fig. 1 Block diagram of an AM Transmitter From fig.1 it is obvious that an AM Transmitter has following important building blocks. 1- Oscillator (OSC) 2- Buffer 3- Pre-Driver 4- Driver 5- Microphone Amplifier 6- Modulator 7- Power Amplifier 8- Transmitting Antenna For detail description of each block, the schematic diagram of a basic level AM Transmitter is given below in fig. 2. Fig. 2 Schematic circuit diagram of an AM Transmitter The circuit diagram given in fig. 2 can be broadly divided in two major sections namely; - The Oscillator section. - The audio amplifier section and The oscillator section (that comprises of an oscillator, buffer, pre-driver, driver and microphone amplifier and modulator) is built from the transistors Q1 (BC109) and biasing resistors (R1, R2, and R3). The components L1 and C1 constitutes the tank circuit that can be tuned in RF range of 500kHz to 1600KHz. The Q1 (BC109) that is the key component of oscillator circuit section is provided with regenerative feedback by connecting the base and collector of Q1 to opposite ends of the tank circuit.

Human Resources Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 8

Human Resources - Essay Example Strategic planning determines the general goals as well as objectives in an organization. Secondly there will be a need for human resource planning since it helps in determining whether there will be many workers, that is surplus or shortage of or enough employees to attain organizational objectives. In case there are few workers, the educational institution will have to recruit more workers (Brown, 2011; Tyson, 2012). Various alternatives can be used in the recruitment process, for instance, outsourcing as well as contingency workers. Before the education institution commences the recruitment process, they need to have guidelines on the recruitment process, referred to as policies and procedures that need to be adhered in the recruitment process. The organization will have to streamline the recruitment process. The institution has to avoid misunderstandings that can result in the workforce being dissatisfied. Recruitment of personnel does not happen in a vacuum since it is influenced by various factors in the organization and the environment (Tyson, 2012). Government regulations have to be considered when recruiting employees in the institution. The government has regulations that in most cases ensure that all the employees are treated in fair manner, and there is no discrimination basing on gender, race or disability among others. Adhering to the government regulation will help in ensuring that the institution operates in a manner that will ensure it does not have wrangles with the government for not adhering to its regulations. Government regulations set out the minimum wage for employees. When recruiting this factor has to be considered since the institution needs to pay its employees according to the set standards. Therefore, the institution has to ensure that the number of new employees hired is capable of paying (Brown, 2011). As mentioned before, an organization has to ensure that it adheres to its strategic plans when

Inroduction to Business law Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Inroduction to Business law - Coursework Example Though there are fundamental differences between tort and contract laws, it is argued that they are similar to one another and negligent misstatement and negligent misrepresentation are clear evidence for that. This part of the paper evaluates Doctrine of precedent in relation to Lord Radcliffe’s statement in his work ‘Not in Feather Beds’(1968) and discusses negligent misstatement under the law of tort and negligent misrepresentation under the law of contract to support the argument that they clearly indicate that both tort and contract laws are similar to one another. Judicial Law-Making and independent sources Lord Radcliffe (1968, p. 216) stated that ‘Judges should be cautious (in terms of making law or following precedent) not because the principles adopted by the Parliament are more satisfactory or more enlightened, but because it is unacceptable constitutionally that there should be two independent sources of law-making at work at the same timeâ€℠¢. ... Judges are to be more cautious to discover and declare the law that they want to express in front of the legislator, but not to make it. Whether judges should make new laws or they should simply declare what the law is has been a major topic of academic debate. In today’s legal systems, it is generally recognized that judges do make new laws when resolving certain disputes even though they often disagree about the extent of their law-making power (Mothersole and Ridley, 1999, p. 41). The doctrine of precedent, which states that courts must use decisions concluded in earlier legal-cases, has provoked serious debates about the precise role and rights of judiciary in developing common law. Are Judges just decision-makers who simply discover the law and declare it in the courts or they actually make new law with their power to do so. Some researchers have seriously claimed that judges have no more power than finding and applying existing legal principles. From Lord Radcliffeâ€⠄¢s statement, it seems that he agreed that a Judge can either depend on decisions made in earlier legal-cases or make law, but he needs to be cautious because it is constitutionally unacceptable that there should be two independent sources at the same time. The two complimentary sources of law-making are Judicial and Legislature processes. Though there are disputed regarding whether a Judge creates law or perfectly follow decisions made in earlier cases, it is generally agreed that a Judge has the power of law-making. Both Judge and Legislature have to understand the respective functions and limitations related to judiciary and legislature. Zander (2004, p. 332) stressed that Judges do not reverse principles that are already well established, but they usually modify, extend or restrict them

Bismarck in the year 1894 Essay Example for Free

Bismarck in the year 1894 Essay Source: Bismarck. Des eisernen Kanzlers Leben in annà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½hernd 200 seltenen Bildern nebst einer Einfà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½hrung. Herausgegeben von Walter Stein. Im Jahre des 100. Geburtstags Bismarcks und des groà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½en Krieges 1915. Hermann Montanus, Verlagsbuchhandlung Siegen und Leipzig 1) How did the Germans get the Empire they wanted by 1890? Germany appeared as an Empire after the Franco-Prussian war in 1871. Otto Van Bismarck, Prussian Chancellor since 1862, knew that to unify an Empire, several aspects had to be organized. He became German Chancellor in 1871 and set up a constitution on the same year. With this, powers were separated into three different branches: The Kaiser, The Chancellor and the two Chambers. He also sought to control opposition. The Church was controlled with the May Laws (Falk) and the Kulturkampf. For socialists he passed the enabling law (1878) to control them, and several insurances to favour them. Bismarck also believed that an Empire ought to have colonies for industrial development. In 1789, he had to bring tariffs so as to raise money for his foreign policy. By passing the constitution, Bismarck was successful in separating the powers. The most powerful one was the Kaiser. The first Kaiser was William I (former King of Prussia). He was the maximum authority in Germany. He had full control of the army and navy and decided whether the country was at war or made peace treaties with other countries. He also appointed all the Ministers in the Empire. This was helpful for Bismarck since he was appointed Chief Minister (Chancellor) of the German Empire. He was very influential with the Kaiser, he controlled him. As he could do as he liked, it later allowed him to dominate the German Empire. The German parliament consisted of two Chambers: The Bundesrat and the Reichstag. The first one mentioned, was conformed of 58 delegates appointed by States representatives. As 14 votes were needed to reject measures and 17 delegates were Prussian, this house was controlled by her. The Reichstag was elected by the universal manhood suffrage. It was a much more democratic system than the Bundersrat and represented citizens. However, it was controlled by the Bundersrat. This house was also controlled by Prussian superiority, since half of its members were Prussian. Controlling the opposition was certainly something that Bismarck intended to do. Bismarck followed a centripetal (centralizing) policy. He thought that people had to work in things related to the Empire. On the other hand, the Catholic Church followed a centrifugal (going away from the centre) policy. The Church looked for foreign countries, so Bismarck decided to attack it. Bismarck supported the German Catholic teachers who didnt agree (Old Catholics) with the idea of Papal Infallibity (1870). The Church intended to promote actions of the New Catholics, who followed the new doctrine. To solve this problem, Bismarck organized a campaign by the State against the Church known as the Kulturkampf. He was supported by the National Liberals while the Church was supported by the Centre Party. This campaign separated state and church affairs: Jesuits were expelled from Germany; German schools controlled by State inspectors, in 1874 Marriage had to take place before government-appointed officials. In May 1873-74-75, Falk, the Minister of Church Affairs, introduced the May (Falk) laws. This brought several changes as regards the Church: the Church was forbidden to excommunicate old priests publicly, before starting priestly studies, people had to study at a state university and pass an examination, the state now accepted or neglected teaching posts to clergymen, Catholic educative establishments had to accept inspections by state officials and all religious orders were dissolved. The Social Democratic Party (SDP) set up in 1869 owned by 1877, 12 seats in the Reichstag. In 1878, when the attempts of killing the Kaiser took place, Bismarck decided to blame the Socialists. To obtain control of them, he passed the Enabling Law (1878). This Law, allowed the government to declare a state emergency if necessary. It also forbade Socialist publications. Over 1500 Socialists were arrested in 1878. However, Bismarck realized he could not cope with the Socialists. He gave several insurances to them since his intention was to get popular support. Workers were insuranced against sickness (1883), against accidents at work (1884) and were given old age pensions (Jubilacià ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½n) in 1889. By 1879, Bismarck realized that he needed money badly for his foreign policy. He intended to have a better equipped army, a Civil service needed to run the Empire and for the social welfare. He knew that if he asked the Reichstag to impose new taxes, he would give the Chamber more power than what he wanted to give. He then decided to apply a system of protective tariffs which would help him to obtain money. Bismarck knew that Germany needed colonies to enhance its industrial development, in spite of possibly annoying Britain that could harm Germany in the future with the loss of Alsace and Lorraine. By promoting colonial expansions, Germany could obtain raw materials, markets for German goods and a living space (Lebensraum) for the growing population. In 1882, Bismarck intended to acquire colonies by forming a Colonial Union. Finally, in 1884, the major Powers agreed on a division of Africa. Germany obtained: South West Africa, Togoland and the Cameroons (1885), the naval base of Holigoland (1890) and obtained German East Africa with an agreement with Britain on the same year. Germany could be an Empire by 1890 due to Bismarcks achievements. He succeeded in organizing the empire by separating powers. He could control opposition since as he could dominate the Kaiser he could do as he pleased. He passed laws for the Socialists and the Church that allowed Germany to be a unified Empire. His intention was organizing Germany since he knew that for an Empire to be unified, it first had to be organized. His goal was finally achieved but he was forced to resign in 1890.

The Impacts Of Tourism On National Parks Tourism Essay

The Impacts Of Tourism On National Parks Tourism Essay Tourism is a growing industry, and may bring diverse impacts upon popular locations. The impacts of tourism can be positive or negative, affecting economic, social and environmental spheres in certain areas. Around the U.K there are 15 National Parks with beautiful areas of mountains, moorlands, woods and wetlands (National Parks 2011). A National park is an area of countryside protected by government (usually relating to the environment) that everyone can visit. Different, non-governmental organisations also look after the landscape, wildlife and assess impacts from tourism, serving to further achieve sustainability (outcomes of tourists). This includes the Environmental Act 1995, which stated two main purposes for National Parks in England: conserve and enhance the natural beauty of the area and promote opportunities for the understanding and enjoyment of the environment. National Parks also aim to boots the economy of the area and social well being for the local community (Nationa l Parks 2011). Moreover, despite Government intervention, impacts on tourism are still greatly felt in National Parks especially in terms of (mainly) negative impacts on the environment. The most famous and largest National Park in the U.K would be The Lake District. The Lake District area contains 16 lakes, more than 150 high peaks and is the only National Park in England with over four 3000 foot mountains (Ledingham, 2007). The Lake District attracts more than 12 million visitors every year by the variety of different locations and natural beauty (Wyatt, 2009). However, tourism contains the seeds of it own destruction (Weaver, 2001: p24). Mass-tourism can have both positive and negative impacts on the landscape and upon local communities. As much as tourism brings many benefits to an area (especially for the economy), mass tourism is likely to cause environmental degradation (physical, social etc) on some level. This is the argument that tourism can essentially destroy itself in the over-use of relatively small areas. Therefore, this essay aims to demonstrate and critically analyse the economical, environmental and social impacts of tourism on the Lake District and to review past and present legislative measures designed to reduce the possibly negative effects of increased tourism in an area. Economic Impacts The main aims in developing Cumbria in terms of economic is to equip local authorities and partners with a common understanding of local economic conditions and economic geography and of the social and environmental factors that impacts on economic growth (Cumbria 2011). This shows that The Lake District is a key target to achieve economical growth whilst following the decree of sustainable development, to meet not only needs in terms of area development, but also to look for the right approach for the community in general. As Park (2007) stated: sustainable development meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs (Park, 2007). Latest data from Cumbria Tourism indicate that in 2009 there were 5 million overnight visitors to Cumbria as well as 36 million day trippers (Peck, and Mulvey 2010). It is estimated that these visitors generate a total of  £2bn to the Cumbrian economy and support over 32,000 jobs (Peck, and Mulvey 2010). Tourism is the main creator of employment and economical stability in The Lake District, by creating tourist attractions and developing the infrastructure such as hotels, restaurants and different facilities. This creates a multiplier effect as increases in spending from tourists produces an increase in the economy of an area. Moreover, this increase in tourism in The Lake District helps to generate work for local people, however, this may create more low-skilled (and thus low paid) jobs such as car park attendants or waiters and many of these jobs are also seasonal. Nevertheless, unemployment in Cumbria reached a plateau at just over 2.5% in 2008, though latest figures for Octobe r 2010 indicate that there are 7,525 applicants on Job seeker allowance which represents 2.4% of total working population (Peck and Mulvey 2010). In some cases, this may be due to seasonality as more jobs are likely to be available during the summer months. The Lake District also generates much environmental interest in tourism. For example The Osprey has provided a formidable boost in tourism, and in 2007 attracted half a million visitors. Moreover, around 100,000 people visit ospreys each season generating  £1.68m, of which  £420,000 was re-invested in the osprey project (Kenmir, 2008) The Lake District projects protect the environment through tourist spending, which also boosts the economy of this particular area (e.g. creating new jobs). Conversely, tourism can have a negative impact upon The Lake district. Due to the amount of people visiting each year the local goods are becoming more expensive because tourists are able to pay more for products (National Parks 2011). Therefore, this impacts heavily upon the locals as their salaries may not cover the costs of the products this may lead to locals resenting large tourist influxes. Moreover, low wages levels have led to a gap between local incomes and house prices the average in the National Park  £314,730 which, as an mean, is fairly high (Lake District 2011). However, Government policy towards this issue is to balance environmental control and landscape capacity i.e. through constructing new accommodation and by meeting local needs by making living more affordable (Moss, 2010). Nevertheless, as much as the increase in the amount of visitors in The Lake District generates huge amounts of revenue, a lot of this income goes in refurbishment and in protecting the environment from daily visits. Environmental Impacts The Lake District is one of the biggest National Parks in the U.K and the outstanding natural environment brings in over 12 million tourists every year, with many of the visitors being international. In early 1883 whilst The Lake district was being developed, The Lake District Defence Society was created to protect the region from damaging human development in an age of railways and the emergence of mass tourism (Sutton, 2007). In recent years there has been an increase in the numbers of short breaks and off-season breaks in the Lake District, as more people take their main holidays abroad (LDNPA, 2005). Moreover, the visitors who are staying in the National Parks are seeking out different types of holidays and experiences (LDNPA, 2005). There has been a rise in active sports, for example water sports as shown in the case study of Windermere lake, however, power boats, jet skis etc. were causing damage to the natural environment through pollution of the lake and physical disturbance of the wildlife in the area. Therefore, one of the legislative measures put forward by the government was a 10mph limit on the lake to reduce this disturbance and reduce the environmental impact upon Lake Windermere (BBC 2005). However, this had negative impacts on the economy of The Lake District. When the speed limit was imposed, demand of tourists visiting this destination decreased specifically for this reason (i.e. water sp ort activities were therefore indirectly abolished). This specific facility was a high source of income for this area however, by reducing the willingness of tourists to visit this place, it has decreased the income generated less income may result in less funding for environmental projects. Due to the main form of transportation of visitors to the Lake District being the car, with limited parking areas and spaces, traffic congestion and pollution from cars is damaging the environment (Foulerton, 2009). Car use, and other road transport make up the largest single part of carbon emissions within the National Parks, and these emissions are growing 1% per year (Foulerton, 2009). The local transport system is poor which encourages the majority of residents and tourists get around by cars. However, the overall aim in the Lake District is to reduce the need to travel by cars by improving the transport system (Lake District, 2011b) For example, buses have less of an impact on the environment e.g. such as Oxfords hybrid Brookes buses which comply with the Euro 5 standard (EC, 2010). This may be achieved by encouraging services and goods to be available locally and reduce the need to travel throughout e.g. by promoting the public to cycle, walk and use The Lake District transport ation (Lake District, 2011b). Moreover, increases in parking spaces for tourists, as this can also generate more jobs. As an example from personal experience, in Zermatt, Switzerland, the government ordered a enormous car park located in Tà ¤sch, 5km from the Matterhorn mountain, forcing tourists to use train services to reach the location. Moreover, the use of cars in this area was banned in order to protect the environment. Since 1947, only electric cars without a combustion engine were allowed to operate in the Zermatt (President of the Zermatt Tourist Board 2011). In addition the negative impact of tourism is damage to the landscape in terms of litter, erosion, fires and vandalism (Cumbria, 2011b). In order to protect the environment the government is increasing the amount of recycle bins place around the area and is setting up different educational events which promote good environmental practice e.g. repairing footpath erosion (LDNPA, 2005). Social Impacts Government is making decisions and are improving the area of the Lake District in term of economical benefits and environmental protection. However, all this impacts is experienced by the social community (i.e. people who actually living there all time, not just during the holidays). Therefore, Government outline on social inclusion, public participation and the new planning system or Local Development Framework are encouraging new audiences; young people, urban populations and minority groups including people with disabilities, finding new and better ways for actively involving people in decision-making (LDNPA, 2005). This strategy would help local citizens to share their opinion and ideas on how to improver or what should be done. Therefore, the aim is to enable local residents and tourism business, to have a greater say in the development of tourism in their own area (LDNPA, 2005). This means listening more carefully and engaging people more effectively. This is an opportunity for everyone to be involved in the review of The Lake District tourism development policies through the local development frameworks (LDNPA, 2005). Through the improvement of economic in the Lake District it has an impact upon the social community in negative and positive way. Tourism is a key attribute in the Lake District which producing a jobs to the locals. Moreover, economical benefits because of a cash- flow with in The Lake District area. However, generally it is low paid part-time and seasonal (Moss, 2010). In addition there is a lack of start up businesses and business premises, due to the low-skilled job, employers have problems recruiting locally (Moss, 2010). Government producing education programme, which enables to deliver the second purpose of National Park in terms of understanding and enjoyment of their special qualities (LDNPA, 2005). Therefore, this approach helps to produce the jobs in terms of tour guide as well as lectured and day course informing tourists about the are and heritage of the National Parks. In addition, the potential for WHS (Worlds Heritage sites) is to bring social and community benefits to Cumbria and Lake District (ERS, 2006). If the economical target will be achieved and managed in the right way, throughout attracting the tourists to the WHS areas, these would results in social and community benefits, particularly in increase in the quality of life for residents (ERS, 2006). Conclusion The essay has discussed an impact from tourism in the Lake district in terms of economic, environment and social. All the impacts are linked in order to stabilize each impact government is making different policies to protect the environment. Therefore, tourism is the main creator of employment and economical stability in The Lake District, in order to protect the environment the area should generate income. Moreover due to the 12 million of visitors each year The Lake District is developing in terms of infrastructure also through the tourists and projects for example The Osprey it helps to keep environment protected. However, due to increase in tourism the impact from cars (i.e. emission) it has an negative impact in the area, therefore, making the better transport system with eco-friendly transportation may facilitate and encourage visitors to travel through the public transport. Moreover, in terms of social impacts and low-skilled/paid jobs due to seasonality, local community faci ng a problem to start up local businesses because employers, have problems in recurring locally. Therefore, government should invest and support local businesses to increase the quality of life for particular areas. In order to develop the tourism attractions and places government should find new and better ways for actively involving people in decision-making.

Bridge to Terabithia :: essays research papers

This takes place in a small town in the 1970's. It is based on a boy named Jesse Aarons but he is called Jess. He cannot wait until fifth grade starts because he will be the fastets runner, he even practiced all summer. He has two older sisters and two younger sisters. His older sisters never seem to do anything and are always ridiculing him. His younger sisters look up to him, mostly May Belle though. Jess's dad works in Washington ans so he is gone during the day a lot. It is up to Jess to milk their cow Miss Bessie everyday. His dad isn't affectionate to him and seems only to be nice to the girls, the same goes for his mom. They try to treat him too much like a man. One day, a new family moves into the old Perkin's farmhouse. There are usually families moving in and out of it all the time. There ends up being a girl named Leslie Burke who is the only child and Jess's age. She walks over to his house and says hi, but he ignores her. On the first day of school she is in his class. She hangs around him during recess and is the first girl to race and beat all the boys. This hurts Jess because he had practiced all summer. They end up becoming real good friends though and hang around each other everyday. They help May Belle get the school bully Janice Avery back after she stole May Belle's twinkie. They did it by writing Janice a fake love letter from Willard Hughes saying that he liked her and for her to walk home from school with him. So, Janice ended up walking all alone back home from school. Jess and Leslie create a secret place together in between their woods called Terabithia where Jess is the king and Leslie the queen. They built a small fort and try to talk like royalty does. In order to get to Terabithia they swing on a rope over a small creek. When Christmas comes around Leslie got Jess a new paint set since he loves to paint and his family is sort of poor. Leslie's family is rich but doesn't show it because she wears raggedy clothes and doesn't have a tv. Both her parents are authors trying to live the country lifestyle after moving from the scity.